INTERNET PROGRAMMING

Common Elements
Headers
Linking
Images
Unordered Lists
Nested and Ordered Lists
HTML Tables
Basic HTML Forms

1. COMMON ELEMENTS:-

Basic Elements

The basic elements of an HTML page are:

A text header, denoted using the <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6> tags.
A paragraph, denoted using the <p> tag.
A horizontal ruler, denoted using the <hr> tag.
A link, denoted using the <a> (anchor) tag.
A list, denoted using the <ul> (unordered list), <ol> (ordered list) and <li> (list element) tags.
An image, denoted using the <img> tag
A divider, denoted using the <div> tag
A text span, denoted using the <span> tag

The next few pages will give an overview of these basic HTML elements.

Given two lists V1 and V2 of sizes n and m respectively. Return the list of elements common to both the lists and return the list in sorted order. Duplicates may be there in the output list.

Example:

Input:
n = 5
v1[] = {3, 4, 2, 2, 4}
m = 4
v2[] = {3, 2, 2, 7}
Output:
2 2 3
Explanation:
The common elements in sorted order are {2 2 3}

Your Task:
This is a function problem. You need to complete the function common_element that takes both the lists as parameters and returns a list of common elements.

Constraints:
1 ≤ n, m ≤ 105
1 ≤ Vi ≤ 105

Let's take an example:-

array 1[ ] = { 1,5,10,20,40,80}

array 2[ ] = { 6,7,20,80,100}

array 3[ ] = { 3,4,15,20,30,70,80,120}

output:-

20 80

Here's another example:-

array 1 [ ] = { 1,5,5}

array 2 [ ] = { 3,4,5,5,10}

array 3 [ ] = { 5,5,10,20}

Output:-

5 5

2. HEADERS:-

In information technology, header refers to supplemental data placed at the beginning of a block of data being stored or transmitted. In data transmission, the data following the header is sometimes called the payload or body.

HTML header

The <header> tag in HTML is used to define the header for a document or a section as it contains the information related to the title and heading of the related content. The <header> element is intended to usually contain the section's heading (an h1-h6 element or an <hgroup> element), but this is not required

Definition and Usage

The <header> element represents a container for introductory content or a set of navigational links.

A <header> element typically contains:

one or more heading elements (<h1> - <h6>)
logo or icon
authorship information

Note: You can have several <header> elements in one HTML document. However, <header> cannot be placed within a <footer>, <address> or another <header> element.

Example

A header for an <article>:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h1>A heading here</h1>

<p>Posted by John Doe</p>

<p>Some additional information here</p>

</header>

<p>Lorem Ipsum dolor set amet....</p>

</article>

</body>

</html>

OUTPUT:-

A heading here

Posted by John Doe

Some additional information here

Lorem Ipsum dolor set amet....

Try it Yourself>>>

3. LINKING:-

Linking is the process of collecting and

combining

various pieces of code and data into

a single file that can be loaded (copied)

into memory and executed. ...

On early computer systems, linking was

performed manually.

Links are found on almost every webpage and provide a simple means of navigating between pages on the web. Links can be attached to text, images, or other HTML elements. ... When a link is applied to an image, the link tag encapsulates, or surrounds the image tag

Prerequisite – Introduction of Compiler design
Linker is a program in a system which helps to link a object modules of program into a single object file. It performs the process of linking. Linker are also called link editors. Linking is process of collecting and maintaining piece of code and data into a single file. Linker also link a particular module into system library. It takes object modules from assembler as input and forms an executable file as output for loader.

Linking is performed at both compile time, when the source code is translated into machine code and load time, when the program is loaded into memory by the loader. Linking is performed at the last step in compiling a program.

Source code -> compiler -> Assembler -> Object code -> Linker -> Executable file -> Loader

Linking is of two types:
1. Static Linking –
It is performed during the compilation of source program. Linking is performed before execution in static linking. It takes collection of relocatable object file and command-line argument and generate fully linked object file that can be loaded and run.

Static linker perform two major task:

Symbol resolution – It associates each symbol reference with exactly one symbol definition .Every symbol have predefined task.
Relocation – It relocate code and data section and modify symbol references to the relocated memory location.

The linker copy all library routines used in the program into executable image. As a result, it require more memory space. As it does not require the presence of library on the system when it is run . so, it is faster and more portable. No failure chance and less error chance.

2. Dynamic linking – Dynamic linking is performed during the run time. This linking is accomplished by placing the name of a shareable library in the executable image. There is more chances of error and failure chances. It require less memory space as multiple program can share a single copy of the library.

Here we can perform code sharing. it means we are using a same object a number of times in the program. Instead of linking same object again and again into the library, each module share information of a object with other module having same object. The shared library needed in the linking is stored in virtual memory to save RAM. In this linking we can also relocate the code for the smooth running of code but all the code is not relocatable.It fixes the address at run time.

4. IMAGES:-

The HTML <img> tag is used to embed an image in a web page. Images are not technically inserted into a web page; images are linked to web pages. The <img> tag creates a holding space for the referenced image. ... src - Specifies the path to the image. alt - Specifies an alternate text for the image.

Images can improve the design and the appearance of a web page.

HTML Images Syntax

The HTML <img> tag is used to embed an image in a web page.

Images are not technically inserted into a web page; images are linked to web pages. The <img> tag creates a holding space for the referenced image.

The <img> tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a closing tag.

The <img> tag has two required attributes:

src - Specifies the path to the image
alt - Specifies an alternate text for the image

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h2>HTML Image</h2>

</body>

</html>

OUTPUT:-

HTML Image

Try it Yourself

The src Attribute

The required src attribute specifies the path (URL) to the image.

Note: When a web page loads, it is the browser, at that moment, that gets the image from a web server and inserts it into the page. Therefore, make sure that the image actually stays in the same spot in relation to the web page, otherwise your visitors will get a broken link icon. The broken link icon and the alt text are shown if the browser cannot find the image.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h2>Alternative text</h2>

<p>The alt attribute should reflect the image content, so users who cannot see the image gets an understanding of what the image contains:</p>

</body>

</html>

Alternative text

The alt attribute should reflect the image content, so users who cannot see the image gets an understanding of what the image contains:

Flowers in Chania

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Animated Images

HTML allows animated GIFs:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h2>Animated Images</h2>

<p>HTML allows moving images:</p>

</body>

</html>

OUTPUT:-

Animated Images

HTML allows moving images:

Try it Yourself

5. Unordered Lists:-

An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.

HTML Unordered List or Bulleted List displays elements in bulleted format . We can use unordered list where we do not need to display items in any particular order. The HTML ul tag is used for the unordered list. There can be 4 types of bulleted list:

disc
circle
square
none

To represent different ordered lists, there are 4 types of attributes in <ul> tag.

Type	Description
Type "disc"	This is the default style. In this style, the list items are marked with bullets.
Type "circle"	In this style, the list items are marked with circles.
Type "square"	In this style, the list items are marked with squares.
Type "none"	In this style, the list items are not marked .

HTML Unordered List Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<ul>

<li>JavaScript</li>

</ul>

</body>

</html>

OUTPUT:-

HTML
Java
JavaScript
SQL

Try it Yourself

ul type="circle"

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<li>JavaScript</li>

</ul>

</body>

</html>

Output:

HTML
Java
JavaScript
SQL

Try it Yourself

ul type="square"

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<li>JavaScript</li>

</ul>

</body>

</html>

OUTPUT:-

HTML
Java
JavaScript
SQL

Try it Yourself

ul type="none"

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<li>JavaScript</li>

</ul>

</body>

</html>

OUTPUT:-

HTML
Java
JavaScript
SQL

Try it Yourself

6. Nested and Ordered Lists:- (OL)

An ordered list typically is a numbered list of items. ... The numbering style is left to associated style sheets, e.g. whether nested lists contribute to a compound item number, e.g. "3.1.

A nested list is simply a list that occurs as an element of another list (which may of course itself be an element of another list, etc.). ... They're matrices (a list of rows, where each row is itself a list, or a list of columns where each column is itself a list).

An ordered list typically is a numbered list of items. HTML 3.0 gives you the ability to control the sequence number - to continue where the previous list left off, or to start at a particular number.

I'd like to produce the following in HTML:

1. One
2. Two
  1. Inner One
  2. Inner Two
3. Three

One way is

<ol>
  <li>One</li>
  <li>Two</li>
  <ol>
    <li>Inner One</li>
    <li>inner Two</li>
  </ol>
  <li>Three</li>
</ol>

Nested HTML Lists

Lists can be nested (list inside list):

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<h2>A Nested List</h2>

<p>Lists can be nested (list inside list):</p>

<ol>

<li>Coffee</li>

<li>Tea

<ol>

<li>Black tea</li>

<li>Green tea</li>

</ol>

</li>

</ol>

</body>

</html>

OUTPUT:-

A Nested List

Lists can be nested (list inside list):

Coffee
Tea
1. Black tea
2. Green tea
Milk

Try it Yourself

Answer: An ordered list typically is a numbered list of items. HTML 3.0 gives you the ability to control the sequence number - to continue where the previous list left off, or to start at a particular number. Example: An ordered list created using the <ol> element, and each list item starts with the <li> element.

7. HTML Tables:-

HTML tables allow web developers to arrange data into rows and columns.

HTML Table

Company	Contact	Country
Alfreds Futterkiste	Maria Anders	Germany
Centro comercial Moctezuma	Francisco Chang	Mexico
Ernst Handel	Roland Mendel	Austria
Island Trading	Helen Bennett	UK
Laughing Bacchus Winecellars	Yoshi Tannamuri	Canada
Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti	Giovanni Rovelli	Italy

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

table {

font-family: arial, sans-serif;

border-collapse: collapse;

width: 100%;

}

td, th {

border: 1px solid #dddddd;

text-align: left;

padding: 8px;

}

tr:nth-child(even) {

background-color: #dddddd;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2>HTML Table</h2>

<table>

<tr>

<th>Company</th>

<th>Contact</th>

<th>Country</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Alfreds Futterkiste</td>

<td>Maria Anders</td>

<td>Germany</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Centro comercial Moctezuma</td>

<td>Francisco Chang</td>

<td>Mexico</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Ernst Handel</td>

<td>Roland Mendel</td>

<td>Austria</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Island Trading</td>

<td>Helen Bennett</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Laughing Bacchus Winecellars</td>

<td>Yoshi Tannamuri</td>

<td>Canada</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti</td>

<td>Giovanni Rovelli</td>

<td>Italy</td>

</tr>

</table>

</body>

</html>

Try it Yourself

Define an HTML Table

A table in HTML consists of table cells inside rows and columns

Example

A simple HTML table:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<style>

table, th, td {

border:1px solid black;

}

</style>

<body>

<h2>A basic HTML table</h2>

<tr>

<th>Company</th>

<th>Contact</th>

<th>Country</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Alfreds Futterkiste</td>

<td>Maria Anders</td>

<td>Germany</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Centro comercial Moctezuma</td>

<td>Francisco Chang</td>

<td>Mexico</td>

</tr>

</table>

<p>To undestand the example better, we have added borders to the table.</p>

</body>

</html>

OUTPUT:-

A basic HTML table

Company	Contact	Country
Alfreds Futterkiste	Maria Anders	Germany
Centro comercial Moctezuma	Francisco Chang	Mexico

To undestand the example better, we have added borders to the table.

Try it Yourself

8. Basic HTML Forms:-

HTML forms serve the purpose of collecting information provided by the visitors, which is later sent back to the server. ... Each control in a form is thought to collect information input by users, in ways that go from text lines to file uploads, through options, dates, passwords and many more.

A webform, web form or HTML form on a web page allows a user to enter data that is sent to a server for processing. Forms can resemble paper or database forms because web users fill out the forms using checkboxes, radio buttons, or text fields.

An HTML form is used to collect user input. The user input is most often sent to a server for processing.